I saw this blurb on Consumerist the other day:
Desperation: Vonage’s $3.99 Retention Plan - Consumerist
Vonage offers a $3.99 per month retention plan to customers who might jump ship to providers with more certain futures. The plan is meant to shore-up Vonage’s customer churn rate, especially as the internet telephony company struggles to stay alive amidst a patent dispute with Verizon. Vonage’s churn rate last quarter was 2.4%, high enough to spook investors or anyone considering a potential acquisition.
Pure subscription businesses are hard. It’s why cell phone companies in America have profit margins that are lower than… say… Walmart… despite the monthly fees and additional fees and fees and fees and fees. For example, Sprint has a net profit margin of 1.51%, whereas Walmart is over twice as much at 3.6%.
Why is this?
First, there’s SAC: Subscriber Acquisition Cost. This is the average cost in signing up a new customer. Signing up a new customer can get expensive - sometimes you need to pay sales people nice commissions to incent them to bring customers to you. For example, think of the guys at those cell phone islands at the mall and how they’ll practically throw a lasso over you to rope yourself in. Sometimes you need to subsidize hardware for the customer so that they can actually use the service you’re offering a subscription to. And then there’s plain old ads - on TV etc.
SAC hurts. For example, TiVO has a SAC of $191 and Vonage has a SAC of $436. That means the minute you sign up as a customer for one of these services, they’re already starting with a deficit on you. Youch!
But wait, you say - when you buy a fridge, they have marketing costs too. Well sure - but all of that is baked into the cost of the fridge. So is the commission. When you buy the fridge (generally) everyone in the supply chain instantly makes a profit off of it.
SAC’s best friend is churn - which is simply how many people cancel your their subscriptions. Churn is bad considering how much was spent acquiring that customer in the first place. There are things you can do to mitigate churn: you could have 1-2 year contracts - but then people might be reluctant to sign them. You could give away stuff to entice people to stay on - but then that hurts your profitability. As can be seen in the example above, Vonage is offering super low rates to try to entice people from leaving. A penny is better than 0 pennies!
There’s also COGS, cost of goods sold. Obviously, running the service isn’t free. If you’re a cell phone company, you have to hire people to answer support calls, upgrade the network, expand the network, etc. Similar with Vonage - you have to rent office space, pay salaries, benefits, do R&D, this and that.
So far most of these are negative things - but here comes the hero: ARPU. Average Revenue Per User. Hurray revenue! Finally!
The big question is: will the Average Revenue Per User be greater than the Cost of Goods Sold, be able to recover the Subscriber Acquisition Cost, and be able safe from Churn?
Let’s look at Tivo. A new customer buys a TiVO and becomes a subscriber. Great, we’re at -$191. TiVo’s 1 year plan is $16.95 a month (reduced from $19.95 a month). Cool, so if you’re a subscriber for 12 months - you’ll fork over $203.40. Ok, now we’re at $12.40.
$12.40. For the year. And that doesn’t even include operations cost - you know, the salaries of the people running the service - so it’s probably less than that. Ouch.
Subscriptions businesses are hard.